Carotenoids are provitamins (i.e., precursors of vitamin A) produced by plants that can be converted into retinal by the human body
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It has been confirmed as a novel metabolite of Hcy, which is generated by the conversion of Hcy to Hcy-thiolactone catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase 15
hdl:11586/524122
When mitochondrial damage excessively accumulates and the organelle is irreversibly damaged, mitophagy is initiated to remove harmful substances and the entire damaged mitochondrion through the lysosomal pathway thereby maintaining organelle health to ensure that the overall state of the cell is not negatively affected
The structural integrity of MEVs is maintained by a lipid bilayer rich in cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids, which not only ensures stability, but also facilitates efficient cellular uptake [42]
